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中国最失意的城市,它排第二无人敢称第一

发布时间:2024-02-23 12:37潘谦怡来源:

导读开封悄然跻身全国热门旅游目的地前五[1],仅次于西安、重庆等传统热门城市。","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"s4k9-1708572750884"...

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开封悄然跻身全国热门旅游目的地前五[1],仅次于西安、重庆等传统热门城市。","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"s4k9-1708572750884","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"zuxV-1708572750883","leaves":[{"text":"","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"QxDX-1708572750887","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{"textAlign":"justify"},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"QQ9g-1708572750886","leaves":[{"text":"这事开封并不陌生。溯回北宋都城时期,开封堪称世界第一大都会,汴水穿城,商贾遍地,八方往来。","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"kd1a-1708572750889","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"f0zf-1708572750888","leaves":[{"text":"","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"1loO-1708572750891","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{"textAlign":"justify"},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"76JO-1708572750890","leaves":[{"text":"可惜的是,历经水患与战乱折磨,又接连失去交通枢纽和中原政治中心地位,开封,这座历史上四分之一时间为地方首府的城市,如今在河南省内也不够起眼。在河南十七个地级市中,GDP常年排在第十位左右。","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"m22S-1708572750893","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"00MN-1708572750892","leaves":[{"text":"","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"yCpq-1708572750895","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{"textAlign":"justify"},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"azp9-1708572750894","leaves":[{"text":"对于开封来说,《东京梦华录》序言的一句话,或许已经为它跌宕起伏的城市命运埋好了伏笔——“回首怅然,岂非华胥之梦觉哉”。","marks":[]}]}]}]">

这个春节,中原小城开封悄然跻身全国热门旅游目的地前五[1],仅次于西安、重庆等传统热门城市。

这事开封并不陌生。溯回北宋都城时期,开封堪称世界第一大都会,汴水穿城,商贾遍地,八方往来。

可惜的是,历经水患与战乱折磨,又接连失去交通枢纽和中原政治中心地位,开封,这座历史上四分之一时间为地方首府的城市,如今在河南省内也不够起眼。在河南十七个地级市中,GDP常年排在第十位左右。

对于开封来说,《东京梦华录》序言的一句话,或许已经为它跌宕起伏的城市命运埋好了伏笔——“回首怅然,岂非华胥之梦觉哉”。

曾经的开封,

到底有多繁华

如果穿越回一千年前,落地开封是个不错的选择。

北宋初年,当时的首都开封人口就已突破百万[2],甚至超过后来明清的北京城[3],是历代都城之最;同时期的伦敦,人口不过数万[4]。

恰如其名,开封是一座开放性都城,这为它无处不在的商贸集市提供了很大便利[5]。饭馆、酒楼、夜市、瓦肆……吃喝玩乐,无一不足。当时,开封已有六千四百多家资本比较多的大中型工商业者,另有八九千家小商小贩[5]。“集四海之珍奇,皆归市易”,正是繁华汴京的真实写照。

2《清明上河图》中的“孙杨正店”,汴京人有自己的五星级酒店视觉中国
《清明上河图》中的“孙杨正店”,汴京人有自己的五星级酒店 / 视觉中国

1997年,美国《生活杂志》回顾千年来影响人类生活最深远的100件大事,其中中国有6件,宋代开封的饭馆和小吃赫然位列其中[6]。更具现代性的是,当时开封就已有官办的施药局、慈幼局、养济院、漏泽园等福利设施[6],堪称“城市,让生活更美好”。

能繁华如此,和开封当年的水运优势有很大关系。

“四水贯都”的开封,曾经是名副其实的北方水乡,水路通达。早在战国时期,魏惠王迁都大梁(开封),引黄河水流经大梁城,并最终汇入淮河,使黄淮之间的主要河道相互连通而成著名“鸿沟”,开封自此和运河结缘[7]。

3“四水贯都”的开封,水路通达图虫创意
“四水贯都”的开封,水路通达 / 图虫创意

到了隋唐时期,京杭大运河成为当时最繁忙的交通运输线。开封,正好位于通济渠段的北口,西通河洛,南达江淮,来往南北的物资,必在开封停留。开封城内的汴河、蔡河、五丈河,皆通漕运,独一无二的航运优势,奠定了开封的繁华基调[5]。

可惜的是,开封兴也黄河,衰也黄河。

开封辽阔坦荡的地形,在和平年代有利商业经济,但战乱时期则易攻难守,极易受到破坏。李自成就曾三度攻打开封,引水淹城,开封人口从水淹之前的“三十七万八千有零”剧降至水灾后“存奄奄待毙者三万余人耳”[8]。

4黄河开封兰考段视觉中国
黄河开封兰考段 / 视觉中国

人祸外还有天灾。黄河多次改道后,开封逐渐比邻黄河河床,黄河平均每两年在近处决口一次,七度水淹开封城[5]。在黄河频繁泛滥的影响下,各条河道皆被泥沙淤积,重要运河河道“断续几不可问”[9],水运中心地位再难回,城市商贸也就此衰落。

如今开封特殊的考古现象“城摞城”,正是多代开封古城因为泥沙淤积,被深深埋于地面之下的写照。当年的繁华东京一梦,也逐渐化为历史里的一角故纸。

一再错过的城市,

不复中心

黄河的不断决堤与水道的堵塞如蝴蝶振翅。近代以来,开封错过了更多的发展良机,逐渐从中原区域政治中心沦为普通的四线小城[10]。

19世纪与20世纪之交,在中国历史上第一条南北大动脉京汉铁路开始修建前,按照最初的规划,铁路会途经当时的河南省会开封,并和将来东西走向的陇海铁路在开封形成十字交叉[11]。

郑州贯通[11]。","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"Wzm6-1708572780662","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{"textAlign":"justify"},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"Ozwk-1708572780661","leaves":[{"text":"","marks":[]}]}]}]">

然而,因为开封位于黄河频繁泛滥的脊轴线之中段,视“铁路为新政大端”的洋务大员们不敢冒风险。最终,京汉铁路偏离开封,而西移至未受过黄河决堤影响的荥泽口附近,整条线路也随之从郑州贯通[11]。

5开封博物馆内,还原民国时期的开封火车站视觉中国
开封博物馆内,还原民国时期的开封火车站 / 视觉中国

洛阳则分别为30.2%和21.9%[12]。开封在经济上的被边缘化,已经成为不争的事实。","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"TKHa-1708572803080","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"UuVS-1708572803079","leaves":[{"text":"","marks":[]}]}]},{"type":"block","id":"NoOt-1708572803082","name":"paragraph","data":{"style":{"textAlign":"justify"},"version":1},"nodes":[{"type":"text","id":"YeuJ-1708572803081","leaves":[{"text":"由此,开封失去首府地位几乎是一种必然。1954年,河南省会正式变更为郑州。时任开封市长姜鑫在作动员报告时提到,“郑州为国家建设重点,在全省位置比较适中,又是交通枢纽,四通八达……”,为了“全省人民利益”,省会必须由汴迁郑[13]。","marks":[]}]}]}]">

这个变动,直接影响到了开封与郑州地位的此消彼长。数十年后,1953年陇海线贯通,郑州就此成为京广、陇海线交叉的交通枢纽城市,在商业化和工业化中占据了优势地位。

与之相反的是,受限于铁路运输能力和自然资源禀赋,开封建国后并没有被纳入重点工业规划城市。

在一五期间,河南全省各处基本建设的投资总额中,开封所占份额只有1.5%,郑州和洛阳则分别为30.2%和21.9%[12]。开封在经济上的被边缘化,已经成为不争的事实。

由此,开封失去首府地位几乎是一种必然。1954年,河南省会正式变更为郑州。时任开封市长姜鑫在作动员报告时提到,“郑州为国家建设重点,在全省位置比较适中,又是交通枢纽,四通八达……”,为了“全省人民利益”,省会必须由汴迁郑[13]。

6郑州CBD的大玉米楼和如意湖,见证着省会经济的迅猛发展图虫创意
郑州CBD的“大玉米楼”和如意湖,见证着省会经济的迅猛发展 / 图虫创意

缺少政策倾斜和商贸条件,开封再也不复当年繁华。计划经济时代,资源流动自由度较低,发展差距尚不明显,开封也曾在国营体制下发展了一批轻工业企业。譬如开封的火柴厂,当时是全国三大火柴生产厂家之一;开封拖拉机电机电器厂,曾是国内规模最大的拖拉机、内燃机电机电器制造专业化企业[14]。

7开封兰考县借助“海产淡养”模式,让河南人吃上了本地生产的南美白对虾视觉中国
开封兰考县借助“海产淡养”模式,让河南人吃上了本地生产的南美白对虾 / 视觉中国

可惜的是,这些轻工业并没有整合成规模工业,继而推动开封整体的工业转型,而是各自衰败、破产。1991年以后,郑州和开封工业产值差距稳步拉大,2005年郑汴一体化发展战略正式实施时,郑州的工业增加值甚至是开封的5倍还多[15]。

失落的开封,

正在重新追赶

《纽约时报》知名专栏作家纪思道,曾写过一篇名为《从开封到纽约——辉煌如过眼烟云》的文章,一语中的开封的没落隐痛。

正是这篇文章,促使当时的省委省政府提出要支持和重视开封的发展,就此推动了郑汴一体化战略的推进[16]。此后,开封的GDP由2005年的408.01亿元[15],翻涨到2022年的2657.11亿元[17]。

但如若换一个评判标准,会发现故事可能没那么乐观。相较2005年,2022年开封GDP在省内的排名,只是从13位上升到11位,甚至不如信阳、驻马店,比安阳只高一百亿元左右,占河南省GDP的比重也还是在4.3%徘徊——有提升,但不多[17]。

不同于产业群紧密相连的东部地区,中部区域一体化战略常常伴生着新兴核心城市虹吸的质疑。比邻郑州的开封也是如此,在自身产业不够立足的情况下,一体化效应到底如何尚未可知。

“制造立市”和“文旅强市”,是开封近年来为自己寻求的破局之道。

8开封的清明上河园景区视觉中国
开封的清明上河园景区 / 视觉中国

在上个世纪,开封错失改开良机的一大原因,正是工业规模研发投入不够。而在2021年,吸取历史经验教训的开封,其规模以上工业企业研发活动覆盖率达72.5%,居全省第1位;同年,开封入库国家科技型中小企业400家,同比增长82%,增幅全省第1[18]。

科教与制造向来互相支撑。生怕河南大学搬去郑州的开封,选择“抱紧大腿”,表示“开封将以全市之力、倾城之爱支持河南大学”,以更好地实现市校合作[19],助推本地打造汽车及零部件、高端化工两大千亿级产业集群[20]。

同样经历过从“顶流”到普通的痛,从民国初年比肩清华学堂和南洋公学,到如今仅有一个学科入选双一流,河南大学看开封,恐怕也能看出一丝同病相怜。

9河南大学,曾经的中国“顶流”学府图虫创意
河南大学,曾经的中国“顶流”学府 / 图虫创意

就文旅而言,开封作为八朝古都则得天独厚。在影视剧如《梦华录》《知否》中的活跃,让它也有了成为“网红城市”的潜质。

2019年,开封文旅收入在GDP的占比超过30%[21],比隔壁洛阳的26%左右还高[22]。自2015年,开封第三产业GDP占比首次超过第二产业以来[23],开封文旅收入一直保持着超过两位数的高速增长,GDP占比五年内翻了一番[21][24],对经济增长的拉动效应明显。

截至2023年11月,开封市累计文旅综合收入705.68亿元,几乎持平2019年的全年旅游收入713.5亿元,还提前完成了2025年接待总量过亿人次的小目标[25]。大宋武侠城、清明上河园,在这个春节假期都挤入了热门景区前五[26] 。

10火树银花不夜天,非遗打铁花亮相开封视觉中国
火树银花不夜天,非遗打铁花亮相开封 / 视觉中国

热闹之下,开封文旅同样面临着新的挑战。

一是交通,和隔壁郑州东站2022年就单日过七百趟的高铁车次相比[27],开封日均两位数左右的高铁班次,差距明显,且没有民用机场,远距离辐射性较差。春节数据显示,开封客源地主要为山东、湖北、河北、安徽等地[28],对经济发达地区吸引力度尚不够。

二来,开封的重要旅游区集中扎堆在老城区,道路狭窄,基础设施重新建设困难,一定程度上带来了交通拥堵、停车难等问题。

11开封老火车站的站台图虫创意
开封老火车站的站台 / 图虫创意

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对于开封来说,千年历史意味着过去的荣光,也更意味着当下的教训、机遇和挑战。没人想只留在过去的功劳簿子上,这座正在奋起追赶的八朝古都也是一样。

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